MIKROORGANISME PENYEBAB INFEKSI NOSOKOMIAL DAN FAKTOR RISIKO PADA PASIEN INTENSIVE CARE : TINJAUAN LITERATUR DAN IMPLIKASINYA DALAM PERAWATAN KLINIS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31004/prepotif.v9i1.44322Keywords:
gangguan kekebalan tubuh, infeksi nosokomial, medis invasif, mikroorganismeAbstract
Infeksi nosokomial, atau yang juga dikenal sebagai infeksi terkait pelayanan kesehatan (Healthcare-Associated Infections /HAI), merupakan jenis infeksi yang muncul pada pasien setelah lebih dari 48 jam dirawat di fasilitas kesehatan. Kasus ini punya dampak besar terhadap keselamatan pasien, terutama di ruang perawatan intensif (ICU), di mana pasien cenderung memiliki kondisi yang lebih rentan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengulas jenis-jenis mikroorganisme penyebab HAI di ICU, faktor-faktor risiko yang memperbesar kemungkinan terjadinya infeksi, serta dampaknya terhadap penatalaksanaan pasien selama perawatan intensif. Kajian dilakukan melalui telaah pustaka dari sejumlah sumber ilmiah yang relevan, dengan penelusuran data melalui basis data medis seperti PubMed, ScienceDirect, dan Google Scholar. Kata kunci yang digunakan dalam pencarian antara lain “Healthcare-Associated Infections ”, “Intensive Care Unit”, “Pathogens”, “Risk Factors”, dan “Systemic Inflammation”. Hasil penelusuran menunjukkan bahwa bakteri Gram-positif seperti Staphylococcus aureus dan Staphylococcus epidermidis, serta bakteri Gram-negatif seperti Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dan Klebsiella pneumoniae merupakan mikroorganisme utama penyebab HAI di lingkungan ICU. Beberapa faktor yang secara signifikan meningkatkan risiko infeksi di antaranya adalah penggunaan alat medis invasif, usia lanjut, status imun pasien yang lemah, serta lamanya pasien dirawat di ICU. Selain itu, infeksi yang disebabkan oleh mikroorganisme pembentuk biofilm, seperti S. aureus dan E. coli, cenderung lebih sulit ditangani karena tingkat resistensinya yang tinggi terhadap pengobatan standar, sehingga meningkatkan kemungkinan infeksi berulang pada pasien ICU.References
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