IMPROVING TUBERCULOSIS RESPONSE STRATEGIES BY INVOLVING THE PRIVATE SECTOR IN THE PUBLIC-PRIVATE MIX SCHEME: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Novie Irawaty L. Manurung; Ede  S. Darmawan; Putri  Ardhani

doi:10.31004/prepotif.v7i1.18316

Authors

Novie Irawaty L. Manurung Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia Depok https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5066-5674
Ede S. Darmawan Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia Depok https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7250-6727
Putri Ardhani Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia Depok https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1899-4033

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31004/prepotif.v7i1.18316

Keywords:

Engagement, Private sector, Public-private mix, Tuberculosis

Abstract

Private sector involvement in national tuberculosis (TB) programs positively impacts prevention and service, but challenges remain. The World Health Organization (WHO) provides a framework to enhance public-private engagement. Our aims were to explore evidence and measure success in TB control programs. We conduct systematic literature reviews using PubMed, Embase, and ProQuest databases to find reports published in English with no time limit. PRISMA was used to filter titles and abstracts for inclusion. A search of 176 studies found that 14 fit the inclusion criteria, with 92.8% collaborating on multiple interventions for TB outcomes. Private sector support, health worker assistance, and innovative projects, such as medical associations and religious organizations, improved TB program achievement. In conclusion, the government has implemented four intervention strategies from the WHO framework to increase private sector engagement in each region. These strategies must be implemented in the local context, with a focus on medium and long-term implementation to ensure sustainable results.

References

Adepoju, V. A., Oladimeji, O., & Horsburgh, C. R. (2022, July). Rethinking public private mix (PPM) performance in the tuberculosis program: how is care seeking impacting this model in high TB burden countries?. In Healthcare (Vol. 10, No. 7, p. 1285). MDPI.

Anand, T., Babu, R., Jacob, A. G., Sagili, K., & Chadha, S. S. (2017). Enhancing the role of private practitioners in tuberculosis prevention and care activities in India. Lung India: Official Organ of Indian Chest Society, 34(6), 538.

Ananthakrishnan, R., Richardson, M. A., van den Hof, S., Rangaswamy, R., Thiagesan, R., Auguesteen, S., & Kamp, N. (2019). Successfully engaging private providers to improve diagnosis, notification, and treatment of TB and drug-resistant TB: the EQUIP public-private model in Chennai, India. Global Health: Science and Practice, 7(1), 41-53.

Ali, D., Woldegiorgis, A. G. Y., Tilaye, M., Yilma, Y., Berhane, H. Y., Tewahido, D., ... & Mandal, M. (2022). Integrating private health facilities in government-led health systems: a case study of the public–private mix approach in Ethiopia. BMC Health Services Research, 22(1), 1-16.

Ali, T., Singh, U., Ohikhuai, C., Panwal, T., Adetiba, T., Agbaje, A., ... & Heitkamp, P. (2023). Partnering with the private laboratories to strengthen TB diagnostics in Nigeria. Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, 100369.

Dam, T. A., Forse, R. J., Tran, P. M., Vo, L. N., Codlin, A. J., Nguyen, L. P., & Creswell, J. (2022). What makes community health worker models for tuberculosis active case finding work? A cross-sectional study of TB REACH projects to identify success factors for increasing case notifications. Human Resources for Health, 20(1), 25.

Faisal, S., Abbas, A., Haider, G., Rab, A., & Farough, K. (2018). TB case notification by private health-sector; retrospective study in 13 metro districts of Pakistan. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 68(11), 1666-1671.

Garg, S., Nanda, P., & Dewangan, M. (2016). Role of community health workers in improving TB detection on scale: a case study from the Mitanin programme in Chhattisgarh, India.

Hanson, C., Osberg, M., Brown, J., Durham, G., & Chin, D. P. (2017). Finding the missing patients with tuberculosis: lessons learned from patient-pathway analyses in 5 countries. The Journal of infectious diseases, 216(suppl_7), S686-S695.

Hussain, H., Mori, A. T., Khan, A. J., Khowaja, S., Creswell, J., Tylleskar, T., & Robberstad, B. (2019). The cost-effectiveness of incentive-based active case finding for tuberculosis (TB) control in the private sector Karachi, Pakistan. BMC health services research, 19, 1-10.

Katamba, A., Shete, P., Nabwire, S., Nalugwa, T., Cattamanchi, A., White, J., & Kadota, J. (2021). Patient Perspectives and Willingness to Accept Incentives for Tuberculosis Diagnostic Evaluation in Uganda.

Kak, N., Chakraborty, K., Sadaphal, S., AlMossawi, H. J., Calnan, M., & Vikarunnessa, B. (2020). Strategic priorities for TB control in Bangladesh, Indonesia, and the Philippines–comparative analysis of national TB prevalence surveys. BMC public health, 20(1), 1-7.

Khan, A. J., Khowaja, S., Khan, F. S., Qazi, F., Lotia, I., Habib, A., ... & Keshavjee, S. (2012). Engaging the private sector to increase tuberculosis case detection: an impact evaluation study. The Lancet infectious diseases, 12(8), 608-616.

Khan, M. S., Salve, S., & Porter, J. D. (2015). Engaging for-profit providers in TB control: lessons learnt from initiatives in South Asia. Health policy and planning, 30(10), 1289-1295.

Kulshrestha, N., Nair, S. A., Rade, K., Moitra, A., Diwan, P., & Khaparde, S. D. (2015). Public–private mix for TB care in India: Concept, evolution, progress. Indian Journal of Tuberculosis, 62(4), 235-238.

Montagu, D., & Chakraborty, N. (2021). Standard survey data: insights into private sector utilization. Frontiers in Medicine, 8, 624285.

Nair, S., Philip, S., Varma, R. P., & Rakesh, P. S. (2019). Barriers for involvement of private doctors in RNTCP–Qualitative study from Kerala, India. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 8(1), 160.

Pethani, A., Zafar, M., Khan, A. A., Rabbani Sana, U., Ahmed, S., & Fatmi, Z. (2015). Engaging general practitioners in public–private mix tuberculosis DOTS program in an urban area in Pakistan: need for context-specific approach. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 27(2), NP984-NP992.

Probandari, A., Utarini, A., & Hurtig, A. K. (2008). Achieving quality in the Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) strategy implementation process: a challenge for hospital Public–Private Mix in Indonesia. Global Health Action, 1(1), 1831.

Puchalski Ritchie, L. M., van Lettow, M., Makwakwa, A., Chan, A. K., Hamid, J. S., Kawonga, H., ... & Straus, S. E. (2016). The impact of a knowledge translation intervention employing educational outreach and a point-of-care reminder tool vs standard lay health worker training on tuberculosis treatment completion rates: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials, 17, 1-11

Philip, S., Isaakidis, P., Sagili, K. D., Meharunnisa, A., Mrithyunjayan, S., & Kumar, A. M. (2015). “They know, they agree, but they don’t do”-the paradox of tuberculosis case notification by private practitioners in Alappuzha District, Kerala, India. PLoS One, 10(4), e0123286.

Rachlis, B., Naanyu, V., Wachira, J., Genberg, B., Koech, B., Kamene, R., ... & Braitstein, P. (2016). Community perceptions of community health workers (CHWs) and their roles in management for HIV, tuberculosis and hypertension in Western Kenya. PloS one, 11(2), e0149412.

Stallworthy, G., Dias, H. M., & Pai, M. (2020). Quality of tuberculosis care in the private health sector. Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases, 20, 100171.

Shelley, K. D., Kamya, C., Mpanya, G., Mulongo, S., Nagasha, S. N., Beylerian, E., ... & Shearer, J. C. (2020). Partnership and Participation—A Social Network Analysis of the 2017 Global Fund Application Process in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda. Annals of Global Health, 86(1).

Stallworthy G, Dias HM, Wells W, Pai M. (2023) World Health Organization?: Engaging Private Health Sector Providers In Care and Prevention?: Landscape Analysis. Second Analysis. Published online 2021. Accessed June 20, 2023. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240027039

Sah, R., Singh, U. K., Mainali, R., Sanaie, A., Pande, T., Vasquez, N. A., & Khan, A. (2021). Engaging Private Health Care Providers to Identify Individuals with TB in Nepal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(22), 11762.

Thu, T. D., Kumar, A. M., Ramaswamy, G., Htun, T., Le Van, H., Vo, L. N. Q., ... & Viet, N. N. (2020). An innovative public-private mix model for improving tuberculosis care in Vietnam: How well are we doing?. Tropical medicine and infectious disease, 5(1), 1-13.

Shibu, V., Daksha, S., Rishabh, C., Sunil, K., Devesh, G., Lal, S., ... & Puneet, D. (2020). Tapping private health sector for public health program? Findings of a novel intervention to tackle TB in Mumbai, India. Indian Journal of Tuberculosis, 67(2), 189-201.

Salve, S., Harris, K., Sheikh, K., & Porter, J. D. (2018). Understanding the complex relationships among actors involved in the implementation of public-private mix (PPM) for TB control in India, using social theory. International journal for equity in health, 17, 1-15.

Sunjaya, D. K., Paskaria, C., Herawati, D. M. D., Pramayanti, M., Riani, R., & Parwati, I. (2022). Initiating a district-based public–private mix to overcome tuberculosis missing cases in Indonesia: readiness to engage. BMC Health Services Research, 22(1), 110.

Sherpa, J., & Yadav, R. P. (2019). Perceptions of the Private Sector for Creating Effective Public–Private Partnerships against Tuberculosis in Metro Manila, Philippines. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 101(3), 498.Adepoju VA, Adejumo OA, Adepoju OE, et al. Do private health providers adhere to National Tuberculosis Guideline while assigning treatment outcome? Findings from a lower middle-income country. Front Public Health. 2022;10:924132. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.924132

Tumuhimbise, W., & Musiimenta, A. (2021). Barriers and motivators of private hospitals’ engagement in tuberculosis Care in Uganda. Global Implementation Research and Applications, 1, 279-290.

Vo, L. N. Q., Codlin, A. J., Huynh, H. B., Mai, T. D. T., Forse, R. J., Truong, V. V., ... & Creswell, J. (2020). Enhanced private sector engagement for tuberculosis diagnosis and reporting through an intermediary agency in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 5(3), 143.

Wells WA, Uplekar M, Pai M. Achieving Systemic and Scalable Private Sector Engagement in Tuberculosis Care and Prevention in Asia. PLOS Med. 2015;12(6):e1001842. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001842

World Health Organization. (2017). Guide to develop a national action plan on public-private mix for tuberculosis prevention and care. In Guide to develop a national action plan on public-private mix for tuberculosis prevention and care.

World Health Organization. (2021). World Health Organization Global Tuberculosis Report 2021. URL: https://www. who. int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tbreports/global-tuberculosis-report-2021.