HUBUNGAN POLUSI UDARA AMBIEN PM2.5 DENGAN PENINGKATAN KASUS INFEKSI SALURAN PERNAPASAN AKUT (ISPA) : SCOPING REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31004/jkt.v7i1.56741Keywords:
Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut, Kesehatan lingkungan, PM2.5, Polusi udara ambien, Scoping reviewAbstract
Polusi udara ambien merupakan salah satu determinan lingkungan utama yang mempengaruhi kesehatan respiratori secara global. Particulate matter berukuran ≤2,5 µm (PM2.5) memiliki kemampuan menembus hingga alveoli dan memicu berbagai gangguan kesehatan, termasuk infeksi saluran pernapasan akut (ISPA). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memetakan bukti ilmiah mengenai hubungan antara paparan PM2.5 dan kejadian ISPA secara global. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan scoping review yang mengikuti kerangka Arksey dan O’Malley serta pedoman PRISMA-ScR. Pencarian literatur dilakukan pada basis data PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, dan WHO Library untuk periode 2015–2025 menggunakan kombinasi kata kunci terkait PM2.5, polusi udara ambien, dan infeksi respiratori. Proses seleksi literatur meliputi tahap identifikasi, penyaringan judul dan abstrak, evaluasi teks lengkap, serta penentuan artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Sebanyak 160 artikel teridentifikasi pada tahap awal pencarian dan setelah proses penyaringan diperoleh 20 studi yang memenuhi kriteria analisis. Hasil kajian menunjukkan adanya hubungan positif antara peningkatan konsentrasi PM2.5 dan peningkatan kejadian ISPA di berbagai wilayah dunia. Risiko relatif dilaporkan meningkat sekitar 2–8% untuk setiap kenaikan 10 µg/m³ konsentrasi PM2.5. Paparan PM2.5 juga berkaitan dengan peningkatan inflamasi paru, stres oksidatif, serta penurunan fungsi imun saluran pernapasan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa paparan PM2.5 merupakan faktor risiko penting terhadap peningkatan kejadian ISPA secara global sehingga pengendalian emisi polusi udara dan penguatan sistem pemantauan kualitas udara menjadi langkah penting dalam pencegahan penyakit respiratori.References
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