ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS OF PNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN: A LITERATURE REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31004/jkt.v7i1.56355Keywords:
chilhood pneumonia, environmental factors, air pollution, household conditions, public healthAbstract
Pneumonia masih menjadi salah satu penyebab utama kematian pada anak balita, terutama di negara berpendapatan rendah dan menengah seperti Indonesia. Paparan lingkungan, termasuk polusi udara di dalam dan di luar ruangan, merupakan faktor penting yang berkontribusi terhadap kejadian pneumonia pada anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji faktor risiko lingkungan yang berhubungan dengan pneumonia pada anak serta mengidentifikasi variabel yang memiliki dampak terbesar terhadap risiko penyakit tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode systematic literature review dengan mengikuti pedoman PRISMA. Studi yang relevan dari PubMed, Scopus, dan Google Scholar yang dipublikasikan pada tahun 2020–2025 diseleksi menggunakan kata kunci yang berkaitan dengan pneumonia pada anak dan determinan lingkungan. Dari 599 studi yang awalnya teridentifikasi, sebanyak 12 studi memenuhi kriteria inklusi setelah melalui proses penyaringan dan penilaian kualitas menggunakan Newcastle-Ottawa Scale dan AXIS tools. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 75% studi melaporkan adanya determinan lingkungan yang signifikan terhadap kejadian pneumonia. Konsentrasi PM2.5 yang tinggi, partikel ultrahalus, asap biomassa, paparan asap rokok lingkungan, kelembapan rumah tangga, serta ventilasi yang buruk secara konsisten dikaitkan dengan peningkatan risiko pneumonia pada anak. Faktor sosial ekonomi seperti pendapatan rendah, kepadatan hunian, imunisasi yang tidak lengkap, serta tidak diberikannya ASI eksklusif juga meningkatkan kerentanan terhadap penyakit ini. Sebaliknya, ventilasi yang memadai, penggunaan bahan bakar bersih, dan filtrasi udara merupakan faktor protektif. Temuan ini menekankan pentingnya intervensi terpadu antara kesehatan lingkungan dan kesehatan anak. Kebijakan yang mendorong udara bersih, perbaikan kondisi perumahan, serta program kesehatan yang terarah sangat diperlukan untuk menurunkan insiden pneumonia dan meningkatkan derajat kesehatan anak.References
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