LITERATURE REVIEW: DAMPAK PEMBAKARAN SAMPAH TERBUKA PADA KUALITAS UDARA DAN KESEHATAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31004/jkt.v7i1.55655Keywords:
kualitas udara, kesehatan masyarakat, negara berkembang, pembakaran sampah terbuka, polusi udaraAbstract
Pembakaran sampah terbuka merupakan praktik pengelolaan limbah yang masih umum dilakukan di negara berkembang akibat keterbatasan infrastruktur dan rendahnya kesadaran lingkungan. Praktik ini diketahui menghasilkan berbagai polutan berbahaya yang berpotensi menurunkan kualitas udara dan menimbulkan dampak kesehatan yang serius bagi masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi, menilai, dan mensintesis bukti ilmiah mengenai dampak pembakaran sampah terbuka terhadap kualitas udara dan kesehatan masyarakat melalui pendekatan systematic literature review. Penelusuran dilakukan pada basis data ScienceDirect, PubMed, dan Google Scholar terhadap artikel yang dipublikasikan tahun 2016–2025. Sebanyak 15 artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dianalisis secara naratif berdasarkan jenis polutan, metode pengukuran, dan dampak kesehatan yang dilaporkan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa pembakaran sampah terbuka secara konsisten meningkatkan konsentrasi polutan seperti PM2.5, PM10, karbon monoksida (CO), karbon hitam, senyawa organik volatil (VOC), logam berat, dioksin, dan furan di udara ambien, dengan beberapa studi melaporkan kadar yang jauh melebihi baku mutu internasional. Paparan jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang terhadap polutan tersebut berkaitan dengan peningkatan risiko gangguan pernapasan, penyakit kardiovaskular, kelahiran prematur, berat badan lahir rendah, hingga kematian dini. Secara global, paparan kronis terhadap PM2.5 dari pembakaran limbah domestik diperkirakan berkontribusi terhadap sekitar satu juta kematian prematur per tahun. Pembakaran sampah terbuka merupakan masalah lingkungan dan kesehatan masyarakat yang mendesak, sehingga diperlukan kebijakan pengelolaan limbah berkelanjutan serta intervensi berbasis bukti untuk mengurangi praktik tersebut.References
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