PENGEMBANGAN VAKSIN HIV BERBASIS TANAMAN: PENDEKATAN BIOTEKNOLOGI DALAM PRODUKSI DAN TANTANGANNYA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31004/jkt.v6i2.44763Keywords:
Bioteknologi, HIV, tanaman, vaksin, vaksin berbasis tanamanAbstract
Permasalahan utama dalam pengembangan vaksin HIV adalah belum tersedianya vaksin yang efektif meskipun penelitian telah berlangsung selama lebih dari tiga dekade. Tantangan utama produksi vaksin konvensional antara lain biaya tinggi, risiko kontaminasi patogen, serta keterbatasan dalam skala produksi. Oleh karena itu, pendekatan bioteknologi berbasis tanaman menjadi alternatif inovatif yang menawarkan biaya produksi lebih rendah dan keamanan yang lebih baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meninjau perkembangan vaksin HIV berbasis tanaman, keunggulan, tantangan, serta potensi aplikasinya. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi literatur deskriptif kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data dari berbagai database elektronik seperti Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, dan Scispace pada periode Januari hingga April 2023. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa beberapa spesies tanaman seperti Nicotiana benthamiana, Nicotiana tabacum, Physcomitrella patens, dan Arabidopsis thaliana telah berhasil direkayasa untuk mengekspresikan antigen atau antibodi HIV, seperti gp120, gp41, dan p24, melalui metode ekspresi transient, transformasi genetik kloroplas, dan rekayasa genetika. Vaksin yang dihasilkan mampu menginduksi respons imun humoral dan seluler pada hewan uji. Namun, tantangan yang dihadapi meliputi stabilitas antigen, keragaman genetik HIV, regulasi, dan penerimaan masyarakat. Vaksin HIV berbasis tanaman memiliki potensi besar sebagai solusi inovatif, namun masih memerlukan penelitian lanjutan untuk mengatasi tantangan teknis dan regulasi sebelum dapat diimplementasikan secara luas.References
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